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| Anaphylaxis |
Anaphylaxis is a life-threatening allergic reaction to foreign matter. It involves the whole body primarily affecting the circulatory system, respiratory tract, alimentary tract, and the skin. It occurs following exposure to an allergen and the body reacts by releasing substances like histamine.
Histamine is responsible for the vasodilation effect which leads to hypotension or a decreased blood pressure. The movement of fluid into the interstitial space decreases blood volume which may lead to shock. In the lungs fluid may leak into the alveoli producing pulmonary edema hence the difficulty of breathing.
The signs and symptoms seen in this condition are due to histamine and other substances released by the tissues. Airway narrowing produces the dyspnea and wheezing. There are hives and angioedema (swelling underneath the skin) present on the eyelids, lips, or throat which may further narrow down the airway. There may also be vomiting, diarrhea, and abdominal pain, abnormal heart rate, palpitation, dizziness,confusion, and cyanosis.
Common allergens include drugs such as penicillin, food such as peanuts, seafoods,or eggs, insect bites, horse serum in the form of vaccines, immunotherapeutic agents, and hormones. They enter the body through inhalation, ingestion, or via injection.
Some drugs cause anaphylactoid reaction. This is an anaphylactic-like reaction resulting from a toxic reaction. It has the same signs and symptoms, complications, and treatment with the trye anaphylaxis.
There is always a previous exposure to the provocative substance. On subsequent exposure an allergic reaction occur followed by onset of symptoms. There is rapid deterioration involving the whole body hence the condition requires immediate medical attention.
Control of airway, breathing, and circulation (ABC) is the first priority. CPR can be done if necessary together with providing an airway by means of endotracheal intubation or tracheostomy. Administer epinephrine as necessary. IV fluids, corticosteroids, and antihistamines are also given. It is very important to identify the allergen in order to prevent future exposure. |
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